Farm businesses in the City Metro - Lampung province is still facing many obstacles, which resulted in low productivity of livestock. One of these obstacles are still many cases of reproductive disorders that can cause infertility female cattle. It is characterized by low birth rates in cattle.
Birth rate and population growth is a problem of cattle reproduction or breeding livestock. Declining birth rate and a decrease in livestock population is mainly influenced by the reproductive efficiency or low fertility and prenatal mortality.
The old one cycle of lust is something very important and if one cycle is lost due to failure of fertilization is an economic loss in intensive production systems and the loss of the second cycle because of the failure in detecting and re-insemination of animals that are not pregnant can also be costly in economic terms.
Ideally, only the cows and bulls that normal, healthy and very fertile to be mated, but cows and bulls have different fertility. If the cows are less fertile male fertility becomes very important.
Repeat Breeding
As is common in mammals, the activity of reproduction in cattle began some time before growth is complete and occurred earlier in animals that either nutritional condition. Heifers showed behavioral lust at the age of 8-18 months (more commonly 9-13 months) and long cycle of 20-21 days lust.
Cattle mating repeatedly (repeat breeding) are female cattle that have a cycle and the normal period of lust that has mated 2 times or more with fertile males or inseminated with semen of fertile males but still not pregnant.
Repeated mating can be a major factor in infertility. Repeated mating may occur if the cow is not pregnant after three or more mating. In the group of normal fertile animals, which is usually 50-55% conception rate, approximately 9-12% of the cows to cows which repeated mating.
Repeated Mating ( repeat breeding ) generally caused by 2 main factors, namely:
Anatomy of the Reproductive Tract Abnormalities
anatomical abnormalities can be genetic and non genetic. Anatomical abnormalities of the reproductive tract are no known clinically easy and there are hardly known, namely as:
a. Blocked fallopian tubes
b. Presence of adhesions between the ovarian bursa ovarian
c. Environment in the uterus is less well
d. Declining function of the reproductive tract.
Although the failure of fertilization occurred in female animals, but causes also occur in males or can be caused due to poor management.
Ovulation disorders
Abnormalities of ovulation may lead to failure of fertilization that would produce the egg cells are not mature enough so as not capable of being fertilized and produce embryos that are not perfect.
Abnormalities of ovulation may be caused by :
Some types of morphology and function abnormalities have been observed in an infertile egg such as a giant egg, egg-shaped oval, egg shaped like a bean and a ruptured zona pellucida. Decreased fertility in cows older moms may be associated with abnormalities of the ovum, the ovum has long diovulasikan cause fertilization failure.
The Abnormal Sperm
Who have abnormal sperm shape causes the loss of the ability to fertilize an egg in the fallopian tubes. Case of failure of fertilization due to abnormal sperm shape reaches 24-39% in cattle breeding parent who suffered from recurrent and 12-13% in breeding heifers suffering from recurring.
Reproductive Management Mistakes
Mismanagement of reproduction can be:
Cattle mating repeatedly (repeat breeding) are female cattle that have a cycle and the normal period of lust that has mated 2 times or more with fertile males or inseminated with semen of fertile males but still not pregnant.
Repeated mating can be a major factor in infertility. Repeated mating may occur if the cow is not pregnant after three or more mating. In the group of normal fertile animals, which is usually 50-55% conception rate, approximately 9-12% of the cows to cows which repeated mating.
Repeated Mating ( repeat breeding ) generally caused by 2 main factors, namely:
- Failure of conception / fertilization
- Early embryonic death
Failure of Conception / fertilization
Anatomy of the Reproductive Tract Abnormalities
anatomical abnormalities can be genetic and non genetic. Anatomical abnormalities of the reproductive tract are no known clinically easy and there are hardly known, namely as:
a. Blocked fallopian tubes
b. Presence of adhesions between the ovarian bursa ovarian
c. Environment in the uterus is less well
d. Declining function of the reproductive tract.
Although the failure of fertilization occurred in female animals, but causes also occur in males or can be caused due to poor management.
Ovulation disorders
Abnormalities of ovulation may lead to failure of fertilization that would produce the egg cells are not mature enough so as not capable of being fertilized and produce embryos that are not perfect.
Abnormalities of ovulation may be caused by :
- Failure of ovulation due to hormonal disorders in which the lack or failure of LH release. Failure of ovulation may be caused by a malfunctioning endocrine resulting in the development of follicular cysts.
- delayed ovulation. Normally ovulation occurs 12 hours after estrus. Ovulation is not normally associated with a perfect season and poor nutrition.
- Double ovulation is ovulation with two or more eggs. Monopara in animals such as cattle, buffalo, his case reached 13.19%.
Some types of morphology and function abnormalities have been observed in an infertile egg such as a giant egg, egg-shaped oval, egg shaped like a bean and a ruptured zona pellucida. Decreased fertility in cows older moms may be associated with abnormalities of the ovum, the ovum has long diovulasikan cause fertilization failure.
The Abnormal Sperm
Who have abnormal sperm shape causes the loss of the ability to fertilize an egg in the fallopian tubes. Case of failure of fertilization due to abnormal sperm shape reaches 24-39% in cattle breeding parent who suffered from recurrent and 12-13% in breeding heifers suffering from recurring.
Reproductive Management Mistakes
Mismanagement of reproduction can be:
- Less rigorous in lust resulting in an error detection time of artificial insemination. Detection of lust is not just a major cause of repeated mating, because it lust detection program should always be thoroughly evaluated. When the detection of any lust, lust is going to be small and more likely observed cows inseminated based on the sign is not lust, this led to inaccurate timing of insemination so that it will engalami fertilization failure.
- Causes of repeated mating includes good quality sperm and insemination techniques are not appropriate
- Cows that had metritis, endometritis, and vaginitis cervitis may be the cause of repeated mating in cattle.
- Feed management and sanitation are not good cage.
- Error in treating the sperm, especially the treatment of frozen semen is less true, less appropriate dilution, semen freezing process, storage and thawing is less well.
- Other management factors such as custodians or owners should be experts in the field of reproductive health.
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